Objectives

• Discuss more advanced data structures and their applications
• Determine when to use some more of the advanced 
• Understand why knowledge of these data structures is more important than implementation

B-Tree

In computer science, a B-tree is a self-balancing tree data structure that keeps data sorted and allows searches, sequential access, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic time.

What is it?

• B-tree nodes have many more than two children  
• A B-tree node may contain more than just a single element (also called keys)
• Every B-tree depends on a positive constant integer called MINIMUM, which is used to determine how many elements are held in a single node

How does it work?

Where is it used?

• Database Indexing and general storage
• Filesystems (implementing directories/folders)
• The B-tree is optimized for systems that read and write large blocks of data since they are usually a shallow but wide data structure

AVL Tree

What is it?

How does it work?

Where is it used?

• When self-balancing is needed. AVL trees guarantee log n time, but at a higher cost in space. 
• Where lookup is most frequently used (there are better self-balancing BSTs for insertion/removal)
• To implement data structures in lower level languages (maps in Android)

Red Black Tree

What is it?

A self balancing binary search tree, with a few rules!

• Each node is either red or black.
• The root is black. This rule is sometimes omitted. Since the root can always be changed from red to black, but not necessarily vice versa, this rule has little effect on analysis.
• All leaves (NIL) are black.
• If a node is red, then both its children are black.
• Every path from a given node to any of its descendant NIL nodes contains the same number of black nodes. 

How does it work?

Where is it used?

• To implement data structures in lower level languages like a map in C++ or TreeMaps and TreeSets in Java
• Rebalancing is a bit less effort than AVL trees 
• Red-Black Trees offers slightly faster insertion than AVL, at the cost of slightly slower lookup.

Bloom Filter

What is it?

• A data structure that uses a hash function to store values
• Bloom filters quickly answer questions around, “is a particular item in a collection?"
• Very rarely, it will say Yes when the answer is actually No 
• It will never say No, when the answer is actually Yes).
• You also can’t remove an item from a Bloom filter.
• The more space, the fewer false positives

How does it work?

Where is it used?

• Caching! This is a very common use
• Typeahead Searches
• Recommendation Engines (has this person seen a particular article?)
• Detecting Click Fraud
• Test if a URL has been visited for privacy / security concerns
• When you have a tolerance for false negatives but no tolerance for false positives

YOUR

TURN

Recap

• B-Trees are trees that can contain more than two children and are extremely useful for quick lookup, insertion and reading
• AVL Trees are self balancing trees that guarantee logarithmic insertion/access and removal
• Red Black Trees are also self balancing binary search trees that include quite a few more rules, but are more common than AVL trees
• Bloom Filters are excellent data structures for knowing if a value is not in a set with certainty
• You will not need to implement these, knowledge is much more important!